en el articulo “Crisis de la razón: crisis de la persona” se presenta la importancia de la trascendentalidad en el ser humano. El hombre ha perdido el sentido trascendental de su vida y esto ha ocurrido a causa, principalmente, de la errónea utilización de la razón y el progreso. Entender el progreso como facultad de perfeccionamiento y poder ilimitado implica graves consecuencias, entre las cuales se encuentra la pérdida de la trascendentalidad.

La pretensión de este artículo, presentado en un simposio sobre Teoríasde la verdad, es la de acercar unas breves pinceladas sobre lo que laantropología hace y puede decir, a otras disciplinas, en este casoconcreto, a la esfera del saber filosófico. El centro de todo el discurso que en adelante voy a realizar será un esfuerzo por dejar claro que elconocimiento no está fuera de la contextualización de un grupo socialdeterminado, y que por tanto, los universales que tantas teoríasepistemológicas nos han (...) mostrado a lo largo de la historia de la filosofíano son más que aplicables dentro de un esquema determinado cultural,pero no siempre y en todo lugar exportables o de aplicabilidad universal.Este es el motor interno que pretendo conseguir que se plasme en elinterior de la argumentación posterior. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se pretende llevar a cabo una aproximación al fenómeno del colapso ecológico y su relación con la filosofía de la historia a través de las aportaciones de Walter Benjamin y Theodor Adorno. En este sentido, el fenómeno del colapso ecológico será abordado como la barbarie de nuestro tiempo, introduciéndonos en uno de los conceptos con mayor recorrido en la teoría crítica, para acto seguido explorar diversas vías filosóficas abiertas para hacerle frente en la actualidad.

En la introducción En busca del ser, del libro El ser y la nadade Jean-Paul Sartre se investiga con profundidad el ámbito de la conciencia. A lo largo de esta introducción surgirán preguntas tales como: ¿es posible eliminar el dualismo entre fenómeno y noúmeno? ¿existe una verdadera unidad entre la apariencia y la esencia del fenómeno y, a su vez, entre el hecho de conocer dicho fenómeno? ¿Qué es antes, el fenómeno del ser o el ser del fenómeno? ¿Es lo (...) mismo esencia que ser? ¿Qué significado tiene el ser del percipi? ¿Cuál es el verdadero soporte de la conciencia? Y otras muchas cuestiones ontológicas. Aunque estas preguntas ya han surgido con anterioridad en otras muchas obras filosóficas, Sartre vuelve a plantearse estos problemas ontológicos para intentar darles un nuevo giro y encontrar nuevas soluciones que aclaren estos interrogantes. (shrink)

The variety of devices and the socialization of consumption have decentralized access to online information which is not retrieved directly from media websites but through social networks. These same factors have driven user interest towards a wider range of both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ topics. The aim of this article is to identify the consumption of news on these topics among digital users in Spain. The methodology used is based on an analysis of the survey conducted as part of the Digital (...) News Report 2017. Following this analysis, a conclusion has been reached that the most popular hard news stories in Spain are those related to the local and regional community itself, and to health and education, while the most popular soft news stories relate to lifestyles and arts and culture. The analysis has revealed that increased interest in news and greater topic specialization result in more diversified use of sources, formats, and complementary routes. (shrink)

The functional role of mirror neurons has been assessed in many different ways. They have been regarded, inter alia, as the core mechanism of mind reading, the mechanism of language understanding, the mechanism of imitation. In this paper we will discuss the thesis according to which MNs are a conceptual mechanism. This hypothesis is attractive since it could accommodate in an apparently simple way all the above-mentioned interpretations. We shall take into consideration some reasons suggesting the conceptualist characterization of MNs, (...) as well as some possible replies. We shall figure out how an argument for the conceptualist hypothesis could be deployed, focusing on the notion of off-line processes, which turns out to be the crucial property necessary to ascribe concept possession. Our conclusion will be that, despite of there being some evidence for the conceptualist account, the issue cannot be definitely settled, because there are both experimental shortages and conceptual difficulties. In particular, there are three distinct senses in which MNs can be regarded as a conceptual mechanism, but we shall argue that only one of these interpretations can be defended. (shrink)

A systematic effort to rethink Freud's theory of the unconscious, aiming to separate out the different forms of unconsciousness.

This paper investigates Philomela's metamorphosis into a swallow as inferred from Sophocles’ fragmentary Tereus. The first part focusses on the association between the swallow and barbaric language, casting new light on Philomela's characterization in the play. The second investigates the shuttle, the weaving tool which prompts the recognition of Philomela, arguing that the mention of its ‘voice’ in fr. 595 Radt refers not only to the tapestry which it created, but also to the actual sound of the shuttle, which ancient (...) Greeks associated with the swallow, and thus anticipates Philomela's metamorphosis. The representation of Philomela as a speech-impeded and yet vocal character supports the Dionysiac background of the act of vengeance which she and her sister commit. (shrink)

In this paper I propose to conceive of forgiveness as a process of eliminating punitive reactive attitudes, which makes up part of the offended person’s willingness to reestablish a certain type of reciprocal relationship with the offender. Distinguishing among types of reciprocity allows us to realize that forgiveness is a more varied phenomenon than is usually assumed in the philosophical literature, as well as to understand why the dispute concerning the gratuitousnessconditionality of forgiveness is meaningless.

Resumo: A Kehre (viragem) no pensamento de Heidegger foi amplamente discutida e debatida. A introdução da noção de metontologia (Metontologie), em 1927, informou proveitosamente esse debate, uma vez que implica uma preocupação com o domínio ôntico, por parte de Heidegger, que não está presente em trabalhos anteriores. O fato de essa noção desaparecer logo após ser introduzida, porém, desafia sua contribuição para esse debate. Neste artigo, mostra-se que o desaparecimento da metontologia não significa o desaparecimento da preocupação de Heidegger com (...) o ôntico, mas o contrário. Começa-se apresentando a visão de Freeman de uma tensão entre o ôntico e o ontológico, no pensamento de Heidegger, em meados da década de 1920, que resulta na introdução da metontologia, em 1927. Mais tarde, evidencia-se que a explicação de McNeill para o desaparecimento da metontologia, como consequência da visão de Heidegger, de meados dos anos 30, de que a projeção a priori do ser é uma retirada do ser (Entzug des Seins), permite dizer que esse desaparecimento não acarreta uma repentina falta de preocupação de Heidegger com o ôntico. Ao considerar a análise de Heidegger de “o matemático”, em Die Frage nach dem Ding, finalmente, argumenta-se que a metontologia desaparece do pensamento de Heidegger, porque sua dependência da ontologia a impede de explicar sua crescente preocupação com o ôntico, de maneira adequada. (shrink)

El estudio de la onomástica femenina de los Banū Marīn de Fez ha adolecido, por lo general, de un análisis profundo y monográfico, a pesar de la gran utilidad de dichos nombres para definir mejor distintos rasgos de la idiosincrasia de esta estirpe. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es cubrir precisamente dicha laguna científica, ofreciendo un análisis tanto filológico como socio-cultural del amplio catálogo de nombres femeninos presentes en el árbol genealógico meriní, desde el rigor científico. Como se intentará (...) demostrar, tales denominaciones constituyen valiosos recursos para reconstruir la diversidad identitaria (étnica, geográfica, prosopográfica, cultural, etc.) no solo de este conjunto de mujeres, sino también de los soberanos con los que se relacionaron en distintas calidades familiares. Igualmente, tales nomenclaturas permiten identificar con una mayor precisión las estrategias de legitimación político-religiosa que esta estirpe diseñó tanto en el plano socio-cultural árabe como en el religioso islámico. (shrink)

The current study analyzed the relationship between Coronavirus Awareness, mental health, and willingness to seek professional psychological help. This was made through a quantitative approach, using online questionnaires to collect data from 855 subjects. The questionnaires included the Brief Symptom Inventory to measure mental health indicators, the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale–Short Form, and the Coronavirus Awareness Scale-10. An Exploratory Factor Analysis suggests that three factors underlie the CAS-10: Coronavirus Concern, Exaggerated Perception, and Immunity Perception. Results indicate a (...) significant positive correlation between Coronavirus Concern and both general anxiety and phobic anxiety symptoms. Immunity Perception is positively related to paranoid ideation and psychotic symptoms. A Mediation Analysis determined that Coronavirus Concern has a significant positive direct effect on Openness to Seeking Psychological Treatment, while Exaggerated Perception and Immunity Perception scores have significant direct negative effects on the Value and Need in Seeking Treatment scores. Indirectly, the relationship between Coronavirus Concern and OPST is significantly mediated by anxiety symptoms. Similar results were found for the VNST subscale. There is a negative significant effect of Immunity Perception over OSPT mediated by Paranoid Ideation. However, the overall model only achieved small r2 coefficients for the OSPT and VNST scores. Comparisons in Coronavirus Awareness between sex, age, and the presence of children and older adults at home were also made. These results are discussed regarding their practical implications for mental health providers and policymakers. (shrink)

What happens in the agent that enables her to comply with the legal command or directive? When we perform an action because we are complying with the legal command or directive, are we still active, self-governed autonomous agents? In what sense are we still autonomous agents? The task of this study is to explain what legal authority is and the premise of the study is that this question can only be answered through understanding of how legal authority operates upon the (...) agent: if we recognize that legal commands or directives intervene upon, affect and change the agent’s practical reasoning, then we need to understand and explain how this happens. (shrink)

The Lewisean counterpart theorist– despite not defending a genuinely essentialist view of what is possible, de re, of individuals – generally has a way to make essentialist claims come out as true, in those contexts in which they are endorsed by a committed essentialist. In this paper, I am going to show that the normal system that the Lewisean adopts when she wants to make the essentialist a truth-teller does not work with Kit Fine: his essentialist beliefs, which support his (...) counterexamples to the modal account of essentialism, cannot come out as true, in any contexts whatsoever, under the Lewisean view. After arguing that this represents a genuine problem for Lewis’s theory, I will propose a solution. I will indeed show that the Lewisean has a principled way to account for Fine’s essentialist beliefs, consistently with her own counterpart-theorist reading of them. (shrink)

Perhaps because groupishness comes so easily to humans, clear operational definitions of the phenomena and justifications for the claim that it is deep‐seated are lacking in much of the literature. Furthermore, the assertion of human groupishness glosses over several important questions including which behaviors, which social boundaries, and which evolutionary processes make us groupish. In this paper I use an evolutionary lens, and cross‐species and cross‐cultural comparative examples to clarify the bases on which such a claim of particular human groupishness (...) can be made. Specifically, if humans are particularly groupish, it is because we produce culturally‐structured social landscapes. This means the cognitive science of groupishness must incorporate the social science of the cultural evolution of group boundaries. (shrink)

In The Grammar of Society, first published in 2006, Cristina Bicchieri examines social norms, such as fairness, cooperation, and reciprocity, in an effort to understand their nature and dynamics, the expectations that they generate, and how they evolve and change. Drawing on several intellectual traditions and methods, including those of social psychology, experimental economics and evolutionary game theory, Bicchieri provides an integrated account of how social norms emerge, why and when we follow them, and the situations where we are (...) most likely to focus on relevant norms. Examining the existence and survival of inefficient norms, she demonstrates how norms evolve in ways that depend upon the psychological dispositions of the individual and how such dispositions may impair social efficiency. By contrast, she also shows how certain psychological propensities may naturally lead individuals to evolve fairness norms that closely resemble those we follow in most modern societies. (shrink)

In Norms in the Wild, distinguished philosopher Cristina Bicchieri argues that when it comes to human behavior, social scientists place too much stress on rational deliberation. In fact, she says, many choices occur without much deliberation at all. Two people passing in a corridor automatically negotiate their shared space; cars at an intersection obey traffic signals; we choose clothing based on our instincts for what is considered appropriate. Bicchieri's theory of social norms accounts for these automatic components of coordination, (...) where individuals react automatically to cues that focus their attention on what the norm is in that situation. Social norms thus act as rules for making choices in a social world where people expect others -- often unconsciously -- to follow the same rule. Some norms enable seamless social co-operation, while others are less beneficial to human flourishing.Bicchieri is famous for her interdisciplinary work on game theory and most recently her work on social norms, and Norms in the Wild represents her latest challenge to many of the fundamental assumptions of the social sciences. Bicchieri's work has broad implications not only for understanding human behavior, but for changing it for better outcomes. People have a strongly conditioned preference for following social norms, but that also means that manipulating their expectations can cause major behavioral changes. Bicchieri has been working recently with UNICEF and other NGO's to explore the applicability of her views to issues of human rights around the world. Is it possible to change social expectations around forced marriage, genital mutilations, and public health practices like vaccinations and sanitation? If so, how? What tools might we use? This short book explores how social norms work, and how changing them - changing preferences, beliefs, and especially social expectations - can potentially improve lives all around the world. It will appeal to an unusually broad range of readers including philosophers, psychologists and others in behavioral sciences, and anyone involved in public policy or at NGOs. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In “The Lost Thread: the democracy of Modern Fiction”, Jacques Rancière will criticize Roland Barthes, stating that his interpretation of Gustave Flaubert’s book “A simple heart” would have shown himself unable to understand the politics of writing of romanesque literature. For Thomas Clerc, reader of Barthes, Rancière would have been confused by the double character of Barthesian thought: both structuralist and critical. Both authors, Barthes and Rancière, strive to refuse a thought based on the notion of representation. Our hypothesis, (...) however, is that the authors diverge in relation to the very meaning of representation, resulting in a divergence in the understanding of politics, which would support Rancière’s criticism of Barthes not as a confusion, but, rather, as a refusal to the politics of Barthesian writing. With this, we intend to reconstruct the arguments of both autors around Flaubert, to understand the politics of writing that they operate. Refusing the structuralist and ideology-demystifying point of view of Barthes, Rancière points to another reading that sees in the Romanesque literature the rupture in relation to the politics of writing of the representative regime and the configuration of the aesthetic regime. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo sostendremos que Marx y Engels no se limitaron a denunciar la explotación económica. Su crítica incidió de igual modo en la degradación espiritual de las víctimas del capital. Y, en consonancia con otros teóricos socialistas y no socialistas, señalaron que el capitalismo también era responsable de un empobrecimiento estético y de un ocaso de las artes. Marx no escribió un trabajo específicamente estético, pero sí esbozó algunas reflexiones y comentarios que demuestran su interés por el arte (...) y la literatura. Tales consideraciones, y asimismo las de Engels, abren perspectivas muy interesantes, para meditar sobre el destino del arte en las sociedades capitalistas. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo describir las estrategias semánticas o representaciones cognitivas que construyen los diarios chilenos El Mercurio y La Cuarta, acerca de la cultura mapuche, a propósito de la cobertura periodística otorgada a la huelga de hambre protagonizada por prisioneros de esta etnia. Para ello, estudiaremos las estrategias discursivas usadas por los diarios mencionados y su correlación con las macroestructuras periodísticas que las reflejan, para finalmente analizar la lexicalización en la configuración de la alteridad mapuche. Se (...) utiliza como metodología el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) -en relación con el cuadrado ideológico (Van Dijk, 1999) y la lexicalización- y el modelo de Velázquez (2011) para el estudio del discurso periodístico en cuanto a la superestructura y la macroestructura de la noticia. Se concluye que los diarios analizados utilizan estrategias semántico-cognitivas etnocéntricas y discriminadoras al dar forma al cuadrado ideológico y su polarización entre los Otros /Nosotros. Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the semantic strategies, or cognitive representations, that El Mercurio and La Cuarta, Chilean newspapers, create about mapuche culture, in relation to the press coverage given to the hunger strike organised by prisoners of this ethnic group. For this, the discursive strategies used by the newspapers mentioned before, and the representation of their interrelationship with the macrostructures in journalism, which finally aim to analyze the lexicalization in the configuration of the mapuche otherness, were studied. The methodology consists of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) -in relation to the ideological square (Van Dijk, 1999) and lexicalization- and the Velazquez’ model (2011) for the study of the journalist discourse related to the superstructure and macrostructure of news. As a conclusion, the newspapers analysed use semantic and cognitive strategies to discriminate based on ethnocentrism, giving it a specific ideological square and polarisation between Others and Us. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo describir las estrategias semánticas o representaciones cognitivas que construyen los diarios chilenos El Mercurio y La Cuarta, acerca de la cultura mapuche, a propósito de la cobertura periodística otorgada a la huelga de hambre protagonizada por prisioneros de esta etnia. Para ello, estudiaremos las estrategias discursivas usadas por los diarios mencionados y su correlación con las macroestructuras periodísticas que las reflejan, para finalmente analizar la lexicalización en la configuración de la alteridad mapuche. Se (...) utiliza como metodología el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) -en relación con el cuadrado ideológico (Van Dijk, 1999) y la lexicalización- y el modelo de Velázquez (2011) para el estudio del discurso periodístico en cuanto a la superestructura y la macroestructura de la noticia. Se concluye que los diarios analizados utilizan estrategias semántico-cognitivas etnocéntricas y discriminadoras al dar forma al cuadrado ideológico y su polarización entre los Otros /Nosotros. Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the semantic strategies, or cognitive representations, that El Mercurio and La Cuarta, Chilean newspapers, create about mapuche culture, in relation to the press coverage given to the hunger strike organised by prisoners of this ethnic group. For this, the discursive strategies used by the newspapers mentioned before, and the representation of their interrelationship with the macrostructures in journalism, which finally aim to analyze the lexicalization in the configuration of the mapuche otherness, were studied. The methodology consists of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) -in relation to the ideological square (Van Dijk, 1999) and lexicalization- and the Velazquez’ model (2011) for the study of the journalist discourse related to the superstructure and macrostructure of news. As a conclusion, the newspapers analysed use semantic and cognitive strategies to discriminate based on ethnocentrism, giving it a specific ideological square and polarisation between Others and Us. (shrink)

Background Clinical empathy is an essential part of healthcare, and patient-centered care models require clinical empathy to be established. Despite this, little is known about its measurement in the neonatal scenario. Research Aim To measure clinical empathy in health professionals who work with medium and high-risk neonates and build a construct of this empathy. Research Design Single-center survey study. Participants and Research Context The Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Health Professionals questionnaire was applied to health professionals who work in an (...) intensive care unit and a medium-risk unit, in Brazil. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics and a factor analysis model, to build the construct of empathy. Overall empathy was calculated, and the domains’ punctuations were analyzed and compared to the maximum punctuation possible. The study followed the STROBE checklist. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution. All participants signed the informed consent form. Participants’ confidentiality and anonymity were protected. Findings Median empathy was 117 (IQR 113–124). The domain of Walking in the Patient’s Shoes had lower scores and represented 77.6% of the maximum punctuation possible. The factor analysis included three factors named Understanding, Experiences, and Treatment, and Emotional Relationships, explaining 64.3% of the overall variance. The domain Walking in the Patient’s Shoes was not included in the model. Conclusions In this scenario, clinical empathy should improve. There is a need to improve the domain of Walking in the Patient’s Shoes, in this case, the neonate, and provide more empathic care to them. (shrink)

The New Evil Demon Problem presents a serious challenge to externalist theories of epistemic justification. In recent years, externalists have developed a number of strategies for responding to the problem. A popular line of response involves distinguishing between a belief’s being epistemically justified and a subject’s being epistemically blameless for holding it. The apparently problematic intuitions the New Evil Demon Problem elicits, proponents of this response claim, track the fact that the deceived subject is epistemically blameless for believing as she (...) does, not that she is justified for so believing. This general strategy—which I call the “unjustified-but-blameless maneuver”—is motivated, in part, by the assumption that the distinction between epistemic justification and blamelessness is merely an extension of the familiar distinction between moral justification and blamelessness. In this paper, I consider three ways of drawing the distinction between justification and blamelessness familiar from the moral domain: the first in terms of a connection with reactive attitudes, the second in terms of the distinction between wrongness and wronging, and the third in terms of reasons-responsiveness. All three ways of drawing the distinction, I argue, make it difficult to see how an analogous distinction in the epistemic domain could help externalists explain away the intuitions which underwrite the New Evil Demon Problem. Motivating the unjustified-but-blameless maneuver, I conclude, is a much less straightforward task than its proponents tend to assume. (shrink)

Les études réunies et publiés dans ce volume sont d'abord concentrées sur les problèmes relatifs à la nature de l'âme en général, notamment par le biais d'une confrontation avec des penseurs antérieurs a Aristote ou qui leur sont contemporains - spécialement Platon et Xenocrate.

Resumen: El trabajo se centrará en dar cuenta sobre la existencia de un territorio otro, invisibilizado por el logocentrismo y la historiografía tradicional del occidente moderno. Este territorio otro que denominamos territorios discursivos es una realidad que situamos en los discursos territoriales y que, dada su dimensión discursiva, puede ser develada mediante el análisis hermenéutico. Uno de los supuestos en que se basa esta investigación, es que los territorios discursivos actúan como el lugar desde el cual el discurso territorial llega (...) a ser el que es, a indicar una dirección y explicitar un sentido específico, en cualquiera de las formas institucionalizadas por una colectividad pero sin que se tenga plena conciencia o evidencia de éste. Por lo anterior, planteamos que los territorios discursivos se encuentran ligados a la imagen hologramática, condición que proponemos develar desde un trasfondo sociocultural y por medio de la interpretación hermenéutica de los discursos territoriales. (shrink)